Automatic regulating, controlling, and switching means for electrical train lighting and like installations



Dec. 27, 1932. A. E. HONEY ,1,892,617

. UTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTROLLING, AND SWITCHIHG MEANS-FOR ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING' AND LIKE INSTALLATIDN Filed Feb. 24. 1936 S 8` Sheets-Sheet 1 .Svp

Dec. 27, 1932. A, E, HONEY 1,892,617

AUTOMATIC RECULATING, CoNTRoLLINC, AND swITCHING uEANs Fon ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKE INsTALLATIQNs Filed Feb.' 24, 1950 I a Sheets-Sheet 2 E. HONEY Dec. 27, 1932. AUTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTROLLING, AND SWITCH-ING MEANS FOR ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKE INSTALLATIQNS Filed Feb. 24. 1950 8 Sheet's-Sheet 5 A. E. HONEY 1,892,617

WITCHING MEANS FOR Dec. 27, 1932.

AUTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTROLLING, A-ND S ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKEv INSTALLATIONS Filed Feb. 24, 1930 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 Dec.27, 1932. A E; HONEY AUTOMATIC REGULATING, coNTRoLLxNG, AND swl'rcanxo n ELE EANS FOR i Dec. 27,

1932. A, E, HONEY 1,892,617

AUTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTROLLING, AND SWITCHING MEANS FOR ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKE INSTALLATIONS Filed Feb. 24. 1930 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 1,892,617 HING MEANS FOR Dec. 27, 1932. A, E, HQNEY v AUTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTRCLLING, ANnswITc ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKE INSTALLATIONS Filed Feb. 24. 1930 8 Sheets-SIIGG 7 D'ec. 27, 1932. u A. E. HoNEY A 1,892,617 AUTOMATIC REGULATING, CONTROLLING, AND SWITCHING MEANS FOR ELECTRICAL TRAIN LIGHTING AND LIKE INSTALLATIONS Filed Feb. 24. 1930 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 f9.7 //,7////// fr AUToMA'rIcEGULATING, `coivriuztoLLinfo, Ann Swinburne-.means Fonnniic'rnronn- Patented 12x42?, 1 1932 Lrnnn EDWARD HONEY, or .monn-niieninn -nssieivon L .S'roiliii a' conrnii LIiirrrnn.l 4oii n izrfrronn. n NGL'aNn. A conroiwrron or emr parrain 'raam LIGHTING AND Linn msrannn'rroiis Application nica rebruai-y 24,.-193'0, .serial-"nagaan, and'.in creatfnritaiii 'imn i; 1929.

The object of this inventioniis tolprovide automatic regulating and svvitching-fmeans for train-lighting andlikeele'ct'rical installations which sliall.- be free 'f'icriii-tl'ie -'c oiniiion defects of. known automatic pelectri'cregu-- latorsI 'and switches;- In the iirst place the electro-magnetic solenoid devicescominonly employed'are. adversely affected, from theV point-'o View o faccurate sensitive actiofmbythe changingof the value. otthe airega or magnetic reluctance. In the second p ace such devices possess little` power for effectingv a, regulating or like operation unlesstley are made ofunduly large dimensions. Final-- ly all such devices haveV a temperaturecoef- -Yclent so that their accuracy cannot berelied `Vupon under all conditions.- The result is that apart from beingunreliable as `to accuracy;` such devices are; liableto huntilioand spasi modc action 'which isvery disadavantageous in ractce.

he invention provides a combination of dynamo-electric and mechanical means for the purpose setv forth, the dynamo-electric means f being vresponsiveto electrical variationsjn the circuit or. installation to'beregulatedor controlled and `the *mechanical means being terinined' conditons Aduring charging` of "tlie driven by the dynamo-electric'meas. ando'perative for .providinlg. the mechanical eiort required for eliectingfthe regulating, controllinger. switching operation. Thus', an electric V i motor havinga constant excitation fleldmag- `net and sensitlveto cha-n installation iscoupled with a governor device .adapted-'for adjusting resistance in such a'- manneras to obtain constant or other desired conditions in the circuit orinstallation .\A further object of the invention is tov prove the regulation of sin le batt/ery'instal-v lations on railway trains'. n theseinsta'lla-f tions-it isinipo'rtant, for eXample`,'t o maintaina closel regulation of the l voltag're at vvhicli-i vthe current is passed to the consumin cir- "v cuits, particularly thelampcircuits.l `.1ation.is also: necessary to'l 'ensure pre edes inthe circuit on suaighe iiaefchariacfefisae, 'that a' speed" steelm'agnet.- v

provide4 a regulator for use whenA the con'- trolling 'electrical variation is comparatively small, said small vargatioll... being utilized 'to produce electrically a largerspeed change whereby the mechanical part of the combinaq for-the regulating. or .other function;

-tio'nA- is enabled 4to exertthe effort necessaryv `Furtherobjec'ts of the invention are con cerned with the "provision of slm'ple yet re-v liable and robust individualelements ofthe electro-mechaiiic'al combination and in Atheir arrangement insuch a fashion" as to. allow of easy inspection and replacement evenv by an ine'xpert operator. 'The mechanicalsystem and the disposition ofthe regulating; con.-

' These and'rother featuresfiof the invention ,will now beexplained by reference `to theacingrtheinvention,

igure2 a plan view thereolfwitli the cover Fi meg'y'aIOS-S Section on the line III- Ill of Figure 14 Figuiei a iongitiidmai Xiti Section mad Quin 01" Switching contacts win naturally vP611 upon the precise natureot their fune- Y tion."

Figures 5`' 6 7 and 8 are perspective details gear;- periiianent -eld magnet,

excitable'-iield magnetfandyoke for the latter.

Figures' .9 andi-9" are circuitdiagrams ilo lustrating `two appl' cations of the invention. 'Figurej 1 0'. is an elevation. of a' second Vemii'ig regulator'or voltagecontrol switch. Figure 11 a-plaii view thereof.

batteryjof the installation; i

\" Another object'of the/invention is pro mechans'mand v'bodiirient ofthe inveniomabatter'y Char? fFigu-re- 12v aqperspective view of release i 'Fglll- 13 Secolrlalf detail oi a. contact. r- Figure .14 a circuit diagram incorporating an'farrang'eilnentfsucb asv is shown Figures 10 tofl, ldfigureV lflf'is a circuit dia-v i 55'1 Yet a further object of this invention is to. A

gram showing a mod'iied arrangement for lamp voltage regulation and Figure 15 is a similar diagram illustrating a modification of the lamp voltage regulatmgjlrrangement of igure 14:

\eferring primarily to Figures 1 to 8, the construction of the lamp-voltage regulator illustrated in said gures will first be described. As has been sated the regulator comprises a dynamo electric device and a mechanicalsystem driven thereby.V The dynamo electric device takes the form of an electric motor the armature iron of which is in two parts 1 and 2 traversed by common armature conductors 8 connected to a single .commutator 4. The conduc'ors 3 have a generous cross section of copper so that the armature is of low resistance, is not lablef to heat up and is free from appreciable tem'- perature variation defects. The major part l 'of the armature iron lies in the field 'o f a permanent bipolar `vmagnet 5 the shape 4of which can be clearly seen from Figure G. The permanent magnet is of highly mage netized cobalt steel, it having been found that this steel g've's the greatest permanence and reliability. The permanent field magnet is virtually composed of two horse shoe magnets having common nor h and south ends to interleave with the pole pieces 6, 'a constriction 7 being formed at about the middle of each pole piece to encourage the fiux to pass across through the armature iron 1. This motor will, if a variable voltage is placed across 'ts terminals, run at a'speed which varies very closely as the terminal voli age. Similar results can be obtained with `fieldl electro-magnets which are wound so that the energization produces magnetic super saturation.

The smaller section 2 of the armature lies in the eld 'of an excited bipolar magnet 8 consist'ng of a laminated yoke 9, alternate laminations of which are cut-olf short at the p similar laminations of magnet limbs 10 terminating in pole pieces 11 (Figure 8). The field winding or wind`ngs 12 are arranged on the yoke 9 and for inspection 'or renewal purposes Amay be removed from the magnet merely Vby taking out the bolts liholding the magnet frame together. In 'order that the magnet limbs 10 and pole pieces 11 shall remain securely in position 'independently of the volte 9,said limbs 10 are cast, in the 'course of their manufacture,` in a non-magnetic, e. g.,gunmetal, core wh'c'h is subsequently turned out to 'he correct bore to receive the armature. In this state it presents the form ofk an annulus 14 the "inner surface of 'which discloses the pole faces of the pole pieces 11 (Figure 7 )7. The

polar horns are shaped sli htly askcw as` shown. It will 'be appreciae' lthat the 'niagnet winding 1.2 and yoke 9 canbel removed even by an inex'pert operativewithout 1nterf'ering :with the s'ettl'ng lof the pole pieces 11 in relation to the` armature. The magnet 5 and annulus 14 are shown flattened at 15 to facilitate the accommodation of the winding As Iit is undesirable that thefmagnet 5.

should be tapped or bored 'in any way, it is convenient for said magnet to be su lied by the makers in the form shown in igure 6. In this case the magnets 5 and 8 may be held together and supported 'from a casing wall 16 of the regulator in the following simple manner.r The magnet block 5 is recessed at 17 to engage a spgot 18 on the wall 16 and at -19 to engage a spigot 20 on the annulus 14.

The opposite face of the annulus 14 `is recessed ai. 214 to engage a spigot 22 on an end ring 23. Said end'ring 23, the annulus 14 and the wall 16 are bored to allow the paslsage of long non-ma netic bolts 24 which pass freely through tie magnet block ,5 by way of the arch shaped spaces 25 above4 and below ythe armature 1, 2. The bolt holes in the an'nulusy'are threaded for a part of their length (Fig. 4) so that it is only necessary to screw the bolts 24 into the annulus 14 to bind the entire magnet structure securely to the wall 16. The end ring 23 can then be secured in pos'tion by tightening the nuts 26. Spr'ng washers 27 are interposed belbetween the bolt-heads and nuts and the sur 28 the earing but is connected in a releasable fashion to agovernor shaft 34. For this purpose the'end of the lshaft 29 is enlarged to form a hollow head l35 across the interior of which extends a pin36. This pin 36 is engaged by a. slotted and somewhat s herical head 37, on the shaft 34, 'which fits yreely inthe interior of the hollowhead 35,*'the slot being long enough to allow lof relative lengthwise movement of the shafts 29' and '34. A compression s ring 38 isinsert'ed within the head 35 and ars Ourthe head 37 throu h a washer 39. Close behind the slotted hea the'end of the shaft 34 is journalled in a ball bearing V40 mounted in a 'spider 41 'secured to the casing'walll.

From the foregoing ldescription it willV evident that the motor armature may removed from #the regulator without interfering with the governor 'mechanism or-bear ings, thus facilitating repair, replacement and like operations. "Furthermore .the resilient coupling 35-39 Vbetween the shafts' 29,34 makesjprecision in remounting and centerthe armatureof little 4importance `as a .each of which one end ofa link 44 is pivoted.\

At their other ends the' links 44 are 'pivotally connected to internal shoulders 45 on three slmilargovernor weights 46 which when in form a closed` body of a substantial barrelsha Je (Figure 4), said body being equally di'vlded lengthwise into the three weights.

-Links 47 .pivoted /to shoulders 48 on the weights 46 are connected pivotally to llu s 49 on an .axially movable sleeve 50 slid-ahy mounted on a reduced portion 51 of the shaft 'I 34. The Vextreme end of said shaft portion 51 is journalledin a ball bearing 52 mounted in the end plate 53 of the casing. Provision is made, as shown, for proper lubricat on and attention tothe ball bearings28, and 52 without unnecessary interference with the regulator as a Whole. rl`he governor spring 54 coiled around the shaft 34 abuts against shoulders 55 on the sleeves 42 and 50. `As shown in Figures 3 and 4 said springis total- 1y enclosed oy vthe Weights 46 when in the closed position and is thus protected against damage or unauthorized.interference. The weights 46 should be comparativelyjheavy firstly to give 'a mechanical effort suflicient for performing the regulating function and secondly to resist momentary. nuences which might make the regulation jumpy.. The nec- Figure 4. Solid compression ofthe spring" essary weight may be provided by thickeningthe members-'46 at the middle as. shown in 54 is prevented by contact of the sleeves 42 and 50.

Frictionbetween the shaft 51 and sleeve 50 vis reduced as far as possible by the provision in the latter of two graphite lined bushes 56 and an annular recess 56 filled with vgraphite and grease. The axial movement of .the sleeve 50 produced by the concerted governor motion of the Weights 46 may be employed. for regulating purposes in various ways. The means which Will nowfbe described by way of example have' proved suitn able for effecting lamp-voltage regulating operations in train lighting installations Mounted upon an extension' part 57 of the sleeve 50 by ball bearings58 is a non-rotatable sleeve. 59 carrying a rack 60. Y Thisvrack 60 to the vertical plane .ofthe governor." ,".Diae

79 (orz80). are'connected by ailexible conextends along the length of ,they sleeve59' y y.

y theicompresslonv 1n whlchcan be adjusted by (Figure 3),its axis-'lying'inl a'. plane at 45 metri'cally opposite the rack 160 the sleeve 59 is formed with a .longitudinal l groove 61, engaged by a linger-62 mounted in a projec-` 4"tionf63 integral with the base 64 ofthe vcasi-n'g vto and frowith thesleeve f Q but'ispre- .vented from rotating therewith',.. the sleeve f bearing 5 8.' The rack60l meshesi.. which they are separated with a pinion 65 fixed on an oblique spindle 66 journalled in upper and lower'ball bear-g and the casing base64 respectively. 'Fast on the upper end of the spindle 66 is a large -Aings 67 carried by arms 68. and 69 project- -i ing from an upper lateral frame member70 sprocket wheel 71 around which runs an end-I less ychain 72 carried around a small guide sprocket wheel 73 mounted in a. ball bearing upon an arm 74 extending from the end Wall 16. One of the links of the upper limb of the chainL is detachably connected 7to an obliquely slotted insulating member tached to an H shap'edbrushframe 7.6.; The

1 diameters of the pinion andsprocketwheel.

71 are designed to givethe requisite'y gear ratlo between the movement of the governor sleeve andy that of the brushes.

The brush frame 76 comprises holders for main brushes 7 78 and auxiliary brushes 79,'y 80. Each main brush is of substantially` tri-v vangular shape but the base'consists of two holder 82 on thebrush frame 76 by means" of trunnions engaging slots 82'; the'latter,

allow for brush wear, `-Each rocker 81 is. acted upon by a spring 83 coiled around a' guide pm 84. At Iits upper end the spring 83 abuts againsta Washer 85'the curvedupper face of which lits inthe dished lowery `end of an adjusting plug 86 screwedin the upper bar of the H frame 76. The pin 84 10o passes freely through: 'the washer' 85. At'

its lower end the spring 83. abuts upon a pivotal block 87 infwhich the pin 84. is mounted. It will be seen that if one face of the brushes 77, 78 is in the contacting position (e. g. the nrightface in Figure 4) the spring 83 diverges slightly from the symmetrical brushcan, be thrown over 'intothe opposite sufficient. toprevent the brush rocking unin- 'position to that side and it is necessary to compress saidv spring slightly before the..

tentionallyor'fremaining in the intermediate position` To 4'eliminate any possibility of damage owingfto the passage of a heavy or rolonged current across the sharp edge be,-

\ Weenl the twol brush faces, the small auxiliary ./brushes 79', V8()y are 'providedf These are simple block brushes depressed by springs 88 scre'ws`89. v The brush` rocker 81 and brush 'nection 90rand` thebrushes 77 and 78 are electricallyconnected by the frame .76.-

Under thel control of vthe chain 7 2 the 9,1, 92Lv resembling fiat 'commutatorsl vThese commutator strips vare built up of segments 93. mounted in channel shaped bars 94 from y'insulatin 95.l

I brushes moveto ,and fro over contact-strips The segments of'each strip separated by thin layers ofmica, are held together between a fixed abutment 96 on the bar 94 and a press plate 97 engaged by a. screw'98 taking in a fixed end plate 99 and provided with a lock nut. To prevent the pressure of the plate 97 'causing a tendency for the strip to buckle upwardly the screw 98 is arranged above the centre of the segments 93. As a precaution, moreover, one or more individual segments 93 are anchored down. One such segment is shown in Figure 4 as held down by a screw 199 passing freely through a slot`199 in the bar 94 and screwed in the lsegment 93. The nut 191 on said screw 100 is'insulated from the bar 94 by an insulating washer 19,2 having a iange portion surrounding the screw` 109 in the slot 109.

' in insulation in which are supported of the segment 93 Thus to remove said gear as a whole it is 'only necessary to disconnect the leads 197 from the segments 93 by loosening the screws 198, to remove the screws 199 holding downthe bars 91 and to disconnect the chain 72 from the member 75. The replacement of one or more contact segments or an entire line of segments is an extremely simple operation.

As shown in Figures 1 and 3 resistance elements 119 connected between the segments 93 b v the leads 197 are accommodated in spaces iormed on either side of thc governor part of the regulator by cover plates 111 slotted to facilitate cooling. Said resistance elements 119 consist of zig-zag sections of resistance wire clamped at the top and bottom A between nuts 112 on terminal screws 113 v115 attached n butterfly nuts 115.

' ends of said mounted in heat resistant insulating plates 114. The screws 113 are connected behind the plates 114 to the leads 197. The top and bottom screws 113 are staggered and are connected in order to successive contact segments 93.

The casing l by hingedly mounted bolts and A packing 116 of fibrous material serves to make a tight joint between the casing and cover. .The external electrical connections to the regulator areconveniently made by terminals v(not shown) mounted in 'the end wall 16 ofthe casing. The leads from the brush gear 39 may then be carried' on either side of the lower bolt 24`through holes 14 in the annulus 14, through the lower space in the' permanent magnet andl through holes in the end wall 16 up the inside of which they are then passed to-'be attached'to the rear terminals.' i v is closed at the top by a cover The principle of his type of regulator in its simplest form will now be described by reference to Figure 9 illustrating the essentials only of a single battery train lighting system viz.- dynamo 129, cut-in switch 121, battery 122 and lamp load 123. The regulator resistance composed of the elements 119 takes the place of the normal lamp resistance and is included in the positive lead to the lamps. It will be seen that the amount of resistance in series with. the lamp load depends upon the position of the brushes 7 7, 78 connected by the frame 76. The armature lator motor is connected across the dynamo 129 and its speed will rise and fall with the dynamo voltage. Such variation in speed causes movementof the governor-and adjustment of the brush frame. Thus a rise in dynamo voltage will result in arise in motorspeed, outward motion. of the governor weights and adjustment of the brushes 77, 78

to the right (Figures 4 and 9). In this simple arrangement the excited field on the motor may merely serve for adjustment or calibration purposes, it being possible by adjusting the excitation applied to it to calibrate the regulator to give the desired lamp resistance for any lamp load. Alternatively a series winding 12 on the auxiliary field magnet may be connected in series with the load and so calibrated as to adapt the regulation auto- 'matically to a varying lamp load. It isnot essential that the resistance between the segments 93 should be equal nor that the width of the segments should be uniform. In fact by varying these values any desired curve of relationship 'between dynamo-voltage and lamp resistance can be obtained; for instance higher limiting resistance may be desirable for high dynamo voltages.

It will be noted that the segments of the commutator strips 91, 92 are staggered, this giving a more sensitive regulation with the brushes 77 78 aligned. The object of mounting said brushes in rockers is to ensure as far as possible that the same lamp resistances are selected by the regulator at the various dynamo voltages during a rise of voltage as during a fall thereof, that is to obtain the same calibration for both directions of mtion of the brush frame 76. It is neceary for 'this purpose to allow forS the motion lost in the mechanical part of the apparatus when a change in the direction of movement of the frame 76 takes place. This is achieved satisfactorily by arranging thatv the brushes 77, 78 shall rock forward 1n the direction of new movement when a reversal of movement occurs. Figure 4 shows a brush 78 as it would appear when movingv tov the right, which movement it may be assumed to have just commenced." The*right hand b'rush kface isl y l making" contact and ,will vcontinue so to do as lon pasmovement to the' .right continues. If 1nl ue course the brus'h is moved to the 3 of the regu'- ures IVO-13).

" left, 'friction.iviu'rbckitso that asien hand i A `means, moreover, it is possible toprovide ja face makes Contact, thejslight advance thereby achieved being sullici'ent totmake up for the lmechanical motion lost at the reversal.

Figure 9a illustrates a second regulator element 124 which may-be employed alone or in combi eration with that-justI described. This L 'regulator which is constructed similarlyto that described with .reference to Figures v ,10] 'lf-3, acts upon the dynamo ield 125 and is intended to keep the dynamo voltage coni' stant as far as possible in spite of variable dynamo speed.. No further description there-l of isfnecessary as thel modeofv operation' is .15 obvious.

The :second construction of regulator shown isa battery charging regulator (Fig- It may/'first b e as well to referbriely to the'V circumstances underlying the action of the battery A.charging regulator to= be de. scribed: As; is well known the lback E. M. F.

of a secondary battery rises progressiv-ely during'charging. If therefore, in say a f train lighting installation with an axle driven dynamo, abattery is charged from said` `dynamo with a constant current, the' charg ing voltage. willrise until at a point prior to 'cc'nplete charging certain undesirable phe- "9 nomena, suc-hI as gassing, commence.

charging were then-discontinued the .battery would be' incompletely charged. Itis desirable therefore to continue the chargin with hl.. a lower charging current, which can be done fr?" by modification ofthe charging conditions in some way, as by reduction of the dynamo excitation or by the introduction of yseries re.-

sistance. Such current reductionis ofcourse accompanied by a drop in the Acharging volt- 4" age. *Aftery a period of charging at the lower rate the upper voltage limit will a ain be ireached` whereupon charging may e` continued at a still lower rate.. Thus the charg ing current may be cut down in any desired f* number of steps until the charge' is complete.

To obtain the best charging conditionsfor the battery the voltage variation for each charging stage is maintained Within limits which preclude ill effects such as instance therefore is `that pit should -be responsive to a certain maximum voltage across thebattery and should be' adapted to reduce the charging current successively to -lower 1 n o v n values. As the voltage -variatlon during each '3 be termed an`electro-mechanial 'relay slrrangement.'A Thereby the attainment of the upper limit of a small voltagevariationmay be caused to release instantaneouslyacon vsiderable mechanical effort suicient for'performing whatever switching .operation is consisting- (Figure 12) of g'assing. VVliat is required fof a regulator in'this two turns'of a coiled sprin l Y `minal screw 161: mounted in anf '.msulating stripl 162. Corresponding tor the number Yof stepsqiri thesheathing-of lthe drum and arfj p necessary vin' the eXternal-'circuits.1 `such reliable regulator. with a comparativelyv small current consumption.

1., vThe battery charging regulator vdiffers from the lamp-voltage regulator chiefly in the' mechanical mechanism employed. In

construction the electrical part 'of the former regulator is substantially the same as the latter but will generally be on a smaller scale.A

' the :previous case the end bearing bracket 132, the excited magnet'130andthe ermanent magnet 133 are clamped `togetA er by bolts 134 also passing through the end frames 135 and 136. The armature shaft 137"carries two governor-weights 138 which in the closed position form a cylinder around thespring 139. y The weights are connected to an axially movable sleeve 140' rotatable in but immovable axially in relation to anon-rotatable annulus 141., -Mounted upon trunnionsl42 on the lannulus 141 is a forked lever 143;

hinged to lugs -onthe end frame-135 by -links 144. At its upper. end said forked lever-143 is pivotally connected by a-link 145'to la slidf ing bar 146 which extends the len h, of the regulator and `ismount ed in slotte supports Attheiarend v.ofjsaid b ar 146 a'slot 148 is provided to accommodatea pawl149 pivoted Y therein. `This pawl:.149 co-operates with the teeth 150 of aratchfet wheel 151 on a shaft A152 which is mounted in side plates 153 by means of adjustable screws 154 the points of' which engage in thecupped ends (Figure 12) @of saidshaft The-side plates 153 are rigidly mounted on the regulator frame. `The loe , roesA other insulating core 156 with atriang'ular copper sheath '157v -wrapp'edaround apart' o a -hardwood 'l orv fA l thesurfacethereof. Betweentheobliqueedgo of the ysheath 157 and the insulating core 156 is a steppedstrip-158 of metal which isgunaffected -`by sparking. Themetal sheathmgs 1571a'nd 158 areinelectrical connectin'wlnle a 159 on the former isconnectedby about.

Q 160 with' a fte'rrange'd to register .with 4`said stepslanea Said' drum'by anti-friction rollers 164.` The' sprngcontacts 163 are mounted lon thefinsulation 162 by means ofscrews '165.-' 1'I1`l1e'v pla-ined below. r At one end the shaft 152 `is 'engaged by Va turn the shaft in an anti-clockwise direction. The outer extremity of said return spring is anchored in a casing 167 mounted on one side plate 153. During normal operation of the regulator, the return ofthe drum 155 is prevented by a catch pawl 168 held in engage ment with the ratchet teeth 150 by 'a leaf spring 169. The pawl 168l is provided with trunnions journalled in cheeks 170 mounted on the regulator frame by screws 171. It is necessary that this catch pawl should be releasable, for instance when the regulator shuts down because the dynamo of the installation has fallen below the cut-in speed. /For this purpose a pin 172 on the bar 146 is ada ed, when the speed of the regulator falls below a certain value, to move to the left (Figure 12) into contact with one end ofa lever 173 pivoted at 174 in a plate 175 ofvhard insulating composition. -The other end of said lever 173 is connected by a cranked and twisted link 176 with an arm 177 which is fast on a short shaft 178. The shaft 178 is journalled in an upstanding lug 179 on a plate 180 carried by the side plate 153. Fast on the end of said shaft 17 8 remote from the arm 177 is an arm 181 pivotally connected by a link 182 with an arcuate member 183. The last named member has'an arcuate slot 184 and is loose on one trunnion 168 of the pawl 168. On the extremity of the same trunnion'is fixed a short arm 185 with a pin 186 engaging in the slot 184. If the motion of the linkage caused by impact of the stop 172 on the lever 173 is followed out it will be found that it has the effect of imparting aiiti-clockwise rotation to the pawl 168, thereby vdisengaging the same from the ratchet teeth 150. In order that the return motion of the drum shall not then be impeded by the pawl 149, the latter is engaged, if the regulator slows down below the `predetermined liinit, by a leaf spring 187 which depresses the heel ofthe pawl 149 and moves the latter from the dotted line position to the full line position in Figure 10. The spring 187 is attached to the plate 180 and is out of engagement with the pawl 149, during the normal operation of the regulator.' The drum 155 is prevented-from returning beyond its initial position by a stop 188 which in that pisition engages against a cheek 170 (Figure 1 n addition to the mechanism described the sliding bar 146 also controls electrical circuits. 'To this end it carries a pair of similar `'spring contacts 189, 190. The spring contact A189 consists of the end of a coiled spring 191 contained in a casing 192 attached to. but insulated from the bar 146. Said contact is arranged to slide, during the operation of the regulator, over a metal contact bar 193 with a'terminal screw 194. The continuity7 of the metal contact surface of the bar'193 is interrupted by a finger 195 of insulating. material projecting obliquely down into a slot'1l96 (Figui-e is) in aie bar 193. This finger 95 Jextends into the'slot from a small block of insulating material 197 pivoted at 198 to the bar 193. The finger is normally held with its end depressed into the slot 196 by a leaf spring 199. It will be appreciated that if the bar 146 moves to the right in the figures, the spring contact 189 will eventually break contact by riding up the linger 195 while continued such movement will carry said contact 189 over said linger to re-establish contact on the far side thereof. If now the contact 189 moves to the left it engages under the finger 195 (cut away at 200 to facilitate this) and can return to its original position by lifting the finger 195 against the spring 199. In this return motion, however, contact is not broken. Identical parts:191e' 200 are provided in conjunction with the contact 190 but'in this case the linger 195 breaks the continuity of connection between contact 190 and bar 193 during movement to the left. Said finger is therefore arranged oppositely to the finger 195. Thc contact bars 193, 193 are secured by the terminal screws 194, 194 and other screws to the insulating plate 175. Said screws pass through oblong slots 201, 201 in the bars allowing of an adjustment referred to hereinafter. Terminal screws 202. 202 are provided for the spring contacts`189, 190.

Referring to the left hand sideof Figure 14, it will be seen that the contact 189, 193 is arranged in the circuit of the motor excitation winding 131 which is connected across the dynamo, 120 of the installation. The contact 190, 193 is arranged in the armaturel circuit of the regulator motor, the armature being also connected across the dynamo 120. Resistances 203', 2032 etc. in the cxcitation 125 circuit of the dynamo of the'installation are controlled by the Contact drum 155, said resistances being arranged so that they are all cut out in the initial position of the drum (Figure 14).

The operation of this regulator will now be described, it being assumed that the dynamo 120 is running at normal speed and that the battery 122 is fully discharged. The calibration of the regulator is made such that under these conditions the motor speed and governor setting. bring the contactsf189, 190 on the bar 146 somewhat to the ri glit of the positions shown in Figure 11. The pawl 149 is in "a position of readiness to actuate the ratchet wheel 151. Under these conditions the dynamo 120 receives its maximum excitation and charges the battery 122 through the cutyin switch 121at the heaviest rate.' In due course the charging voltage will rise from the lower limit at which it commences to a predetermined limit at which it is desirable to cut down the charging current.A This rise of voltage will have caused a slight rise of speed of the regulstor motor and at the upper limit Cil ltinues at a decreased current.

the governor causes the contact y189 to ride onto the linger 195 and leave the bar 193. This breakage of the circuit of the field 131,

however, cuts down the excitation of the movement to the right. The pawl 149 feeds the drum 155 through one step and introduces the resistance 203 into the dynamo excitation circuit. The dynamo excitation is thus cut down and charging of thebattery 122 con- The above mentioned large movement of the bar 146 car- Asuitable for this purpose.

position any motion of the bar 146 is ineec ries the contact 189 beyond the nger 19o-and re-establishes thel circuit of the motor ieldl 131 while the contact 190 has been carried under the finger 195 and slightly to the right thereof. Now the drop `in charging voltage corresponding to the reduction ot charging current and the re-establishment of the extra motor excitation cause a lowering of the motor speed and resultant movement to thev left of the bar 14:6. This movement, which alone may be too sluggish for resetting the contacts 189, 100 is sucient. however, to carry the Contact i90 on to the' insulating i'inger 195. breaking the armature circuit of the regulator motor (or inserting resistance to reduce its current) and reducing its speed rapidly until the bar iliti resets the contact 189 in its initial position; at the same time the Contact 190 reeestablishes the motor armature circuit after riding over the finger 195".v lie- -turn of the drum 155 to its initial position when the pawl 149 is retracted by the bar 14.5., is prevented by the spring loaded catch pawl 168.

Again in due course the charging voltage will rise to the upper limit and the cycle of operations will be repeated. Charging will.

then be continued at a lower current with the resistances 203', 2032 in series in the dynamo excitation circuit. Eventually under these conditions the drum will befully rotated to a position in which the resistances 203', 203*2 etc. are'all in series with the dynamo excitation cutting down the battery charging cur-v rent to the so called trickle value. It .has been found that six stages of reduction arc In the' last drum tive .for rotating the drum 155 as there vare-no ratchet teeth beyond the last step on the drum. lt will beappreciated that the upper charging voltage limit may be set to a desired value, inter alia, by adjusting the contact bar 193 in relation to the Contact 189. The sensi 'tivity of the return action of the bar 146 may 'namo 120 falls below a predetermined voltagel limit (corresponding say tothecut out'volt l.

age of the cut-in switch 121) Ythe resultant fall in motor speed'brings the stop 172 into contact with the' linkage 173 etc. and disengages the catch Epawl 168 from `whatever tooth v150 tengages- At the same time the spring 187 depresses the heelof lthe pawl149,

leaving tliedrum free lto be returned to its initial position by the spring 166. vWhen the dynamo voltageagain exceeds the predetermined limit (er g. cut-in voltage) :the pawls 149 and 168 will be released and the regulator will proceed to' readjust the charging current to 'suit the conditions. Naturally if no discharge has taken place since the dynamo voltage droppedfthe regulator -will merely reestablish the` charging conditions.

Figure 14a shows alamp-voltage regulator' according to the invention. It will bel understood that the regulators shown in Figs.`14 and 1li"L could be employed in combination in an installation.v The construction ofthe lamp L voltage regulator shown in Figure 14a might be identical with that described' with refer-A ence to Figures 18 and the mechanical part thereof has therefore been diagrammatically indicated merely by a brush 77, 78 moving over resistance llO. 7 y

The modef controlling the speed ofthe regulator motor is. however5 diierent and the arrangement shown on the right hand side of Figure lliais in fact that preferred for lamp voltage regulation, being more sensitive and susceptible t-o exact calibration for all condi- -tions than the arrangement shown in Figure S. ln place of the winding 12 the excited ield. of the regulator motor carries three windings 201i, 205 and 206. The winding 204;

is a magnetizing winding (withreference to the adjacent field of the permanentmagnet) and is aseries winding lying in the positive lead to the lamp load 123. This lead contains amain lighting switch which is indicated as a hand switch 207 but might be of any type. The winding 205 is (by reference to the same standard) a demagnetizing winding and is al potentialwinding permanently across thelamp leads. The winding 206 is a no load winding and when the switch 207 is open (no lamp load) lies .in series with the armature 3 across the terminals of the dynamo 120. /Said' winding 206 is a magnetizing-winding. Closure yof the switch 207 short circuits the wind.- ing 206 by the auxiliary contacts 208 and-'connectstlie armautre 3 directly. across the'vdynamo'120.

While variation in `Vthe dynamo voltage across the-.armature will still cause variation of the motor speed, the regulation by this arrangement is chiefly performed by 'the speed variations in the motor caused by Variation .of the excitation applied to the field magnet by the coils 204 and 205. increase in the lamp current passing through the winding 204 increases the excitation of the motor and decreases the speed thereof. Through the gov-l ernor and brush gear this speed decrease produces a decrease in the lamp resistance in sei-ies with the load. Decrease inl lamp current brings about an opposite result. A similar regulating effect is provided by the winding 205. Increase in lamp voltage increases the demagnetizing effect of the excitation furnished by said winding and thereby causes an increase in motor speed and an increase in the lamp resistance. Both effects tend to keep the lamp voltage constant: The regulation of the resistance originating from the winding 204 is a coarse or selective adjustment depending upon the amount of load in circuit while the regulation by the winding 205 is a finer or vernier adjustment superimposed on the rst to take account of variation of the dynamo voltage. The winding 206 facilitates starting and has what may be termed a keeper effect upon the adjacent permanent magnet under no load conditions.

A modification of the lighting switch and regulator winding connections is shownin Figure 15 which illustrates an installation having two separate lamp loads 123', 123", controlled by two main switches 207', 207". Although again indicated as manual these switches might for example comprise the switch brushes of electro-magnetic switches, of which brushes one is closed for, say, socalled half lights while both are closed for full lighting. The short circuiting contacts for the winding 206 are duplicated (208', 2023"). Moreover the winding 205 is not connected permanently across the lamp leads but is cosed onto the same upon the closure of either main lighting switch through one of the auxiliary contacts 209', 209". Apart from these points the arrangement and operation are the same as in the case of Figure 14,

The above regulating and switching means have been described hy wayof example and it is to be understood that the invention is readily applicable to other regulating, controlling and switching purposes intrain lighting and like installations. The precise nature of the switching mechanism will naturally depend upon the functions to be performed. The mode of control of the electrodynamic part of the regulator or the like will also depend upon the nature of the electrical variation involved, for instance whether the same is of a simple vor intermittently progressive nature. bviously a fraction only of the electrical variable might, if desired, be applied to the regulator by the use of shunts or like means. Where the excited field magnet on the motor of the regulator or the like is not the speed control means proper, it may be arranged to be brought into operation automatically when abnormal conditions demand some modification of the normal regulation or other switching function. In some circumstances it may be desirable to replace .lighter springs only coming into action at first and the more heavily resistant at higher governor speeds.

I claim 1. Automatic switching means for train lighting and like installations, comprising :in electric motor having a cohalt steel permanent field magnet built up of a plurality of opposed horseshoe magnets of constricted cross-section at the points of junction between their limbs at which points the pole pieces are formed, a centrifugal governor` driven by said motor, a control switch device and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and switch device.

2. Automatic switching means for train lighting and like installations, comprising an electric motor having a substantially constant main field magnet and an auxiliary excitable field magnet, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a control switch device and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and switch device.

3. Train lighting or like electrical installa- -tion comprising automatic switching meansV embodying in combination an electric motor armature, current supply means for said armature, a substantially constant field magnet and an auxiliary excited field magnet effective upon said armature, electrical connections between said excited field magnet and said installation, a switching device in said installation and a mechanical system, including a centrifugal governor driven by said motor armature and an operative connection with said switching device.

4. Automatic switching means for train lighting and like installations, comprising an electric motor armature, a permanent field magnet and an auxiliary excitable field magnet effective upon said armature, a removable yoke for said auxiliary magnet, an exciting winding upon said yoke, said winding being removable upon said yoke without interference with the rest of the magnet, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor armature, a control switch device and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and switch device.

5. Automatic switching means for train lighting and like installations, comprising an electric motor armature, a permanent field magnet effective upon said armature, a nonmagnetic body adjacent said magnet and embracing said armature, magnet pole pieces securely embedded in said body, a magnet yoke detachably connected to said pole pieces, an exciting winding upon said yoke, a centrifugal governor attached to said armature, a i

control switch device and an operative connection between said governor and said switch device.

6. Automatic switching means for train lighting and like installations, comprising an electric motor armature, a ermanent field magnet eifective upon sai armature, an auxiliary excitable field magnet arranged immediately adjacent said permanent magnet lighting and like installations, comprising a -tween said segments and the suppOrlS frame-work, an electric motor armature, a permanent fieldV magnet and an auxiliary excitable `field magnet effective upon said armature, clamping means holding said magnets together and supporting them from the frame work, a centrifugal governor attached to said armature a control switch device and an operative connection between said governor and said switch device.

8.v Automatic 'switching means for' .train lighting and like installations,- comprising an i electric motor armature a constant-excitation, field magnet elfective upon'said armature, a governor shaft attached to said armature, a governor spring co'led around said shaft, governor weights inthe form of segments of a hollow body, said spring being enclosed withinsaid hollow body when the weights are closed, a control" switch device and an operative connection between said governor weights and said switch device;

9. Automatic electric regulator for an installation of the type set forth, comprising a variable speed electric motor, a centrifugal governor connected therewith, a pair of reciprocable brush devices in operative connection withsaid governor and a pairof parallel strips ofre'gulatin'g contacts each in the form of a flat eommutator, the contacts' of one strip being staggered in relation to those of the -other for the purpose set forth.

10. Automatic electric regulator for an Y installation of the type set forth, comprising a variable speed electric motor consisting of an armature and a-constant excitation field magnet, a centrifugal governor connected with said armature, rectilinearly reciprocable brush mechanism in operative connec-..- tion with said governor and regulator contaets in the form of a flat straight commutator unit, said commutator unit comprising ft Spport, a plurality of contact segments, 111s ation between said segments and be.

clamping means for holding said segments together upon said support.

g 11. Automatic electric regulator for a n m stallation of the type set forth, compflsma a variable speed electriemotor, a centrifu al governor'connected therewith, reciproca le brush mechanism in operative connection with said governor and regulator contacts in the form of a flat commutator device, said brush mechanism comprising a frictionally rockable brush the effective surface of which consists of two faces'at a slight angle to each other, one face being adaptedfor making 'contact with the commutatordevice during motion in one direction and the other during motion in the opposite direction.

12. Automatic electric regulatoras claimed in claim 1l, comprising in combination with the rockable brush, an auxiliary brush making a permanent ilat Contact with the commutator device. Y

13. Train lighting or like electrical installation having a variable voltage generator and embodying automatic voltage regulating means for a consuming circuit, comprising an electric motoiconsisting of an armature, a permanent field magnet and an auxiliary excitable lield magnetfconnected to said installations, electrical connections between said motor and the generator, a cen- A trifugal governor driven by said armature, a rheostatdevice disposed in series with said consuming circuitand an operative mechanical connection between said governor and rheostat device.

14. Train lighting or like electrical installation havin a variable voltage generator and a consuming circuit supplied thereby and embodying automatic voltage regulating means for said consuming circuit comprising an electric motor, a constant field magnet and an auxiliary lield magnet on said motor,

an exciting winding on said auxiliary magnet, electrical connections betweenrsaid exciting winding and said generator, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a rheostat disposed in series with said consuming circuit and generator and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and rheostat device.

15. Train lighting or like electrical installation having a variable load consuming circuit and a variable voltage generator supplyin said circuit and embodying automatic vo tage regulating vmeans, comprising an electric motor, a constant field magnet and an auxiliary eld magnet on said motor, an exciting winding upon said auxiliary magnet,

electrical connections whereby said winding is disposed in Aseries with said consuming circuit, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a rheostat device disposed in series with said consuming circuity and generator' and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and said rheostat device.

16. Train lighting or hke electrical instal- .lation having a variable load consuming circuit and a variable voltage generator supplying. said circuit and ein ying automatic voltage regulating means, comprising an electric motor, a constant field magnet and an auxiliary field magnet upon said motor, eX-

' ing said circuit tric motor,

citingwindings upon said auxiliary magnet, one exicting winding being connected across said generator and a second exciting winding, which produces a magnetizing etl'ect op'- posite to that of the first, being connected in series with said consuming circuit and generator, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a i'licostat device in series with said consuming circuit and an operative inechanical connection between said governor and rheostat device. 17. Train lighting or like electrical installation having a variable load consuming circuit and a variable voltage generator supplyand embodying automatic voltage regulating inca ns. comprising an'elecv a constant Field magnet and an auxiliary. 'iield magnet upon said motor, exciting windings upon said auxiliar i magnet comprising a winding connected across the generator, a winding in series with tlieconsuming circuit and generator and a winding energized by the generator and adapted to .facilitate starting and exert a keeper effect upon the constant magnet under no load con- 1ditions, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a rheostat device in series with said consuming circuit and generator and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and said rheostat device.'

.18.. ,An installation consisting of a variable voltage generator, a variable load consuming circuit supplied by said generator, a main load switch. having principalcontacts in said circuit and subsidiary contacts, and voltage regulating means for the consuming circuit comprising' an electric motor, a constant field magnet and an auxiliary field magnet on said motor, a demagnetizing field winding in series with the principal contacts of theswitch and with the consuming circuit and generator,` a magnetizing winding adapted upon the closure of the switch to be connected "through subsidiary contacts across the genersaid ator and asno load winding energized from generator. while the. switch is open and short circuited bygsubsidiary contacts on its closure, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, a rheostat device in series with said consuming circuit and generator and an operative mechanical connection between said governor and said rheostat device.

19. trical installation, comprising an electric motor sensitive to electrical'variations in the installation. a'centrifugal governor connected v change of with said motor, motor circuit control means primarily operable by said governor upon motorspeed, and installation control means secondarilyoperable by said governor as the result of a larger change of motor speed brought about by the operation of said motor circuit control means.

20. Automatic switching means for an electr-ca'l installation. comprising -a variable,

. the second of said trical installation,

Automatic switchingmeins for an elecspeed electric motor, a centrifugal governor connected with said motor, motor speed control contacts, a sensitive mechanical connection between said governor and said contacts, slight governor motion heilig suflicient to op crate said contacts', a switching device and a mechanical connection between said switching device and said governor operative in re.- sponse to the speed control exercised by said contacts.

21. Automatic switching means for an cleo tiical installation, comprising an electric niotor armature, a constant field magnet, an auxiliary excitable l field magnet, motor-speed conti-ol contacts n the circuit of said -auxiliary magnet, a switching device, a centrifugal governor connected to 'said armature, operative mechanical connect-ions hetween said governor and said contacts and said, switching device., the former connection being such that a comparatively small change of motor speed responsive to an electrical variation in the installation results in thel operation of said contacts by the governor, thereby modifying the field conditions ofthe motor and causing a substantially larger speed change sufiicz'ent for the governor to provide the mechanical effort necessary for the switching operation. A

22. Automatic switching means for an electrical installation, comprising an electric moto armature, a constant and a variable field magnet.`motor-speed control contacts in the exciting circuit of the latter, a switching de- *ii-c, a centrifugal governor driven by said armature, an operativemechanical connection between said governor and said contacts and an operativemcclianical connection between said `governor and said switching device. the first of said mechanical connections being such that a pre-determinedslight rise above a normal motor speed responsive to an electrical variation in'the installation opens said contacts. breaksv the exciting circuit and causes a substantially larger rise of speed and connections being such that only said larger speed -rise serves to operate the switching device.

23j Automatic switching means for an eleccomprising a variable speed electric motor, electrical switch contacts inthe armature and field circuitsof said motor. a switching device, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor and operative inechanical connections between the governor andsaid field and armature switch contacts and said switching device, the arrangement being such that a slight rise of motor speed temporarily opens the field circuit at tho switch contacts, the resultant larger rise of speed operates thelswitching device and a subsequentsmall vfall in speed temporarily o1 e1is,'the armature circuit at the switch conly its initial value.

i) fi 24. Automatic regulating means for an electrical installation, comprising a variable speed electric motor having an armature circuit connectible to said installation, motorspeed ,controlling contacts in said armature circuit, a progressive switching device for regulating said installation, a centrifugal governor driven by said motor, an operative connection between said governor and said contacts., operation of said contacts by a predetermined sliglit motor speed change serving to modify the armature currentand mag nify said speed change, andan intermittent feed mechanism arranged betweenfsaid governor and switching device and eiective to transmit to the lattergovernorfinotion' rea progressive switching device adapted to be operated by said governor and to modify the charging current to the battery.

26'. A battery charging .installation .embodying a generator, a generator excitation Y circuit, a battery and a battery charging regulator comprising a variable speed electric motor, said generator, battery'and regulator being connectedin a battery charging circuit, electrical connections between said motor and the battery poles, la centrifugal governor driven by the motor,`speed controlling contacts located in the motor armature and field circuits and operatively connected with said governor, small speed changes resultant upon predetermined charging voltage variations being magnified by the action of saidV contacts, a sectional resistance in the excitation circuit of the generator, a progressive switching deviceassociated with said sectional relnied speed change.

latter `governor motion resultant upon a niag- 28. Automatic regulating means for electrical installations having a consuming cir- Y cuit, a motor comprising an armature, a. permanent magnet field, and an vexcitable magnet field, means to supply current to said armature and circuit, means to supply cur' rent from the circuit to said exciting field, resistance controlling the current in the consuming circuit and mechanical means .connected to said armature to vary the resistance in accordance With the speed of said armature. a

ALFnED EDWARD HONEY.

sistance and mechanical actuating means vbetween said governor and switching device.

27. Automatic regulating means for an electrical installation comprising a variable i speed lelectric motor having a ield circuit CIT connectible to said installation, motor-speed controlling contacts in said field circuit, a progressivev switching device' for regulating' said installation, a centrifugal governor' driven by said motor, an operative connection between said governor and said contacts, op-` eration o said contacts by a predetermined slight motor speed cliangeserving to modify the field current and magnify said speed change, and an intermittent feedmechanism arranged betweenV said governor and switch- A ing'deviceand effective to transmit to the 

